Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment

The central question

How did instruments, publication, and new institutions change scientific authority?

What we will explore

• Printing and instruments; Copernicus/Galileo and one medical or experimental case; Newton as a synthesis
• Academies, journals, the Encyclopédie, public reasoning, and Enlightenment; who could participate

By the end of the lecture

Explain how evidence, instruments, publication, and institutions changed the production and authority of knowledge.

Read the lecture

A continuous, illustrated reading of Lecture 4, with explanations, historical examples, and review answers.

Lecture slides

The complete 65-slide presentation, including review answers and reference material.